Texting, Bad or Good Free Essays

When it comes to texting, people either love it, hate it, or just don’t even try because they may feel that they are â€Å"too old for that young people stuff†. Some people will promote it as one of the easiest ways to communicate or consider it a waste of time and murderous to the English language. I, for one, consider it a blessing and a curse. We will write a custom essay sample on Texting, Bad or Good or any similar topic only for you Order Now I can see both sides of the subject. I do agree that people shouldn’t text in some situations or places where it is considered rude, dangerous, or where it would take away from the human interaction that people need to mentally survive. Some may argue that with the rise of texting, it has hindered our grammar, the way we interact with others, and possibly our business relations. I used to be a cashier at a grocery store, and from a personal point of view, when the customers were on their cell phone, it made my job as a cashier rough to do. When that happens, the person isn’t paying attention because they are busy texting or talking to someone on their phone. It made the job difficult because you were trying to get their attention for a payment method and sometimes had to repeat yourself two or three times. Then, other customers waiting get impatient and look at you like you aren’t doing your job in a speedy fashion. On the other hand, texting can be great and beneficial in some situations. I’ve been in some situations where it was easier to send a text message. At my church I either play the piano or I’m in the sound booth doing the Media for service. From the sound booth to the platform, it’s at least one hundred feet or more. There have been occasions where people on the platform and sound booth needed to tell each other something about the sound or some other situation. It was easier and faster to send a text message to each other rather than trying to read facial expressions or hand signals. All in all, texting is what you make of it. There are some situations in which you need to have respect and not text, such as classrooms, church, and driving in your automobile for example. The thing to do is use common sense and think, â€Å"Is this safe? Is this respectful to others? If I were teaching, would I be okay with people’s attention being divided? † Most of all, we need to just use our brain and use moderation. We can survive without our phones. Our society survived for hundreds of years without mobile devices. I’m pretty sure we could too if we had to. How to cite Texting, Bad or Good, Essay examples

Leadership Perceptions of Effective Leadership

Question: Describe about the Leadership for a Perceptions of Effective Leadership. Answer: Leadership is an art, skill or quality that allows the leader to do the right thing that could help a company or any concern to achieve its goal. A leader can create an inspiring vision and motivates his subordinates or team members to work to visualize this vision (Northouse, 2015). He can consolidate a team and maximize the efficiency of the team. This essay will discuss various situation and people who use different style of leadership to get their work don effectively (Renko et al, 2015) A chief of a fundraising campaign should follow a participative leadership. A chief of a fundraising campaign needs to engage themselves in all the activities that are involved in a fundraising campaign. He needs to check the day-to-day operations, recruitment and management of the staff. He also needs to coordinate and implement the operations of the campaign. He needs to invest his resources in time and energy to create and manage the budget for the campaign. The major skills that make them successful are excellent organizational skills, balanced temperament, good communication skills and top of that leadership quality. The chief of the fundraising campaign must keep a check on the finance director, press secretary, field operation manager, campaign treasurer, the IT team, and other staff. He needs to make sure all the teams are working according to the plan and strategy (Wilson Thompson, 2014). There are situations when the chief of the fundraising campaign has to meet undesirable situations that might be adverse for the image of the campaign. In a situation when there are negative rumors about the campaign like mismanagement of the funds that were gathered in the previous fundraising campaign. Then investors might back out of the event, and the whole campaign might jeopardize. The chief has to gather his team quickly and chalk out a plan to combat the situation. He has pay heed to every team member so that he would be able to comprehend the perspective of every member. This exercise will enable him to formulate a concrete strategy to battle with this sticky situation. Hearing the opinion of at least one member from every department will enable him to understand the strength and weakness of the teams and formulate the plan accordingly. He can make sure that the IT team searches the people who have initiated the dissemination of the rumor on social media. The new media team will negate the rumors and pacify the masses on social media. Chief has to sit with the legal department to come up with the legal stance they can take against the people who have initiated the rumor (Kara et al., 2013). A participative leadership style will help the chief to make decisions by allowing his several departments to give inputs, get the clear picture of the situation, and come up with ideas to handle the situation. This style of leadership reflects that the chief beliefs in every member of his team and this, in turn, boost the morale of the team. The team gets motivated to work harder and give every idea that might be instrumental in solving the situation in a better way. The chief will be able to establish open communication among the team members and earn the faith of the team that will positively help the team to survive any storm that comes the way of the fundraising campaign (Cunningham, Salomone Wielgus, 2015) A prison officer should follow the autocratic style of leadership. This style of leadership will help the prison officer to make the decision alone without any interference by others. The responsibilities of a prison officer include many activities that need to be regulated with absolute authority. The supervision, management and the control of the prisoners that too lawfully, safely and securely comes under the duties of a prison officer. He needs to check the whether the staff is performing their responsibilities and duties properly. He needs to check the daily activities of the prisoners and review it on a timely basis. In short, he is responsible all the activities performed or happening with the prison premises (Bhatti et al., 2012). Prison officers often need to tackle various kinds of situation, which are tricky to handle. One such situation is to deal with the temperament of the notorious prisoners. Prison officer needs to ensure that the prisoners do not involve in activities like bullying, assaults, substance misuse and self-harm. They prison officer needs to handle these situations strictly and then report it to the higher authorities. He needs to review the incidents and the ones involved in the time-to-time basis. In such situations, the prison officer needs to firm in his decision and make sure that his decision is the last word for the staff and prisoners. All the staff and the prisoners have to follow the directives by the prison officer. Anyone not abiding by the directives provided by the prison officer should be reported, and strict actions should be taken against them (Kinnunen, Feldt Mauno, 2016). A prison officer should authoritatively maintain the discipline within the prison. He should assert his decisions on his staff and prisoners. The staff or the prisoner will not be able to influence him. The reason is that this will assert his authority, and everyone is going to listen to him without questioning. It is critical for his staff and prisoners to obey his command to maintain the discipline. His job is to control and maintain discipline in the prison. He does not need to motivate his prisoners. In fact, the prisoners should not take him lightly and for that purpose, the prison officer needs to maintain his authoritative leadership in the prison premises. The prison officer is not there to motivate the prisoners. He does not need to fear that by following this (Aktas, Gelfand Hanges, 2015) CEO of a multi-national company should follow the transformational leadership style. A CEO has to take all the important decision for the company. He is responsible for the future course of the company in all the countries the company is operating. The CEO is responsible for all the success and the failure of the company. He needs to formulate strategies along with his team. All the departments- from HR to finance to marketing and the others- comes under his jurisdiction. He needs to formulate plans that are going to affect all the departments positively and consequently maximize the efficiency of the employees and the company. He has to check whether the plans and strategies formulated are effective implemented. He is needed to check that the plans percolate to the bottom most level of the company. He needs to keep his subordinates motivated and optimistic about their work (Choudhary, Akhtar Zaheer, 2013). A CEO needs to keep calm and handle all the situations faced by the company and the employees. In times of adverse situation like the decline in sales in a particular country in which the company operates, CEO needs to identify the reasons for the situation. He needs to assess the situation and formulate strategies and plans accordingly. Finally, he needs to look after that the plans are implemented as planned. He needs to motivate his employees that this is just a phase that would pass. He needs to work on his marketing team conduct survey and research to know the roots of the situations (Garca-Morales, Jimnez-Barrionuevo Gutirrez-Gutirrez, 2012). A CEO should always communicate with his subordinate and try to figure out their problems, issues or opinions within the company. He needs to know all that is happening in the company to be able to understand the situation and current position of the company (Snaebjornsson Edvardsson, 2013). Only then, he will be able to find a solution to the problems that are prevalent in the company. He needs ti innovate ideas and give direction to his subordinates to be able to guide them to achieve the optimum output from them. He needs to work to increase the productivity and create the brand of the company. This will help him to meet his goals. If the CEO can win the confidence of his employees, he will be able to minimize employee turnover. He will be able to create a healthy working environment within the company. He needs to take new initiatives to for the company and use the resources of the company efficiently. This will yield the optimum results for the company (Liu et al., 2013). This essay can be concluded on the note that various situations call for various leadership styles. Every sphere in the professional fields requires a different type of leader. A chief of fundraising campaign has to follow participative leadership style to be able to handle various situations and work along with his teammates. However, a prison officer has to follow an autocracies approach of leadership, as he cannot allow the staff and the prisoners to influence him in any way. Meanwhile, a CEO of the multinational company has to follow a transformational leadership style. He needs to be innovative and keeps his subordinates motivated. Thus adopting a leadership style highly depends on the job and responsibility of the leadership. Reference List Aktas, M., Gelfand, M., Hanges, P. (2015). Cultural tightnesslooseness and perceptions of effective leadership.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 0022022115606802. Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G. M., Shaikh, N., Hashmi, M. A., Shaikh, F. M. (2012). The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction.International Business Research,5(2), 192. Choudhary, A. I., Akhtar, S. A., Zaheer, A. (2013). Impact of transformational and servant leadership on organizational performance: A comparative analysis.Journal of Business Ethics,116(2), 433-440. Cunningham, J., Salomone, J., Wielgus, N. (2015). Project Management Leadership Style: A Team Member Perspective.International Journal of Global Business,8(2), 27. Garca-Morales, V. J., Jimnez-Barrionuevo, M. M., Gutirrez-Gutirrez, L. (2012). Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation.Journal of Business Research,65(7), 1040-1050. Kara, D., Uysal, M., Sirgy, M. J., Lee, G. (2013). The effects of leadership style on employee well-being in hospitality.International Journal of Hospitality Management,34, 9-18. Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Mauno, S. (2016). Authentic leadership and team climate: testing cross-lagged relationships.Journal of Managerial Psychology,31(2), 331-345. Liu, Z., Cai, Z., Li, J., Shi, S., Fang, Y. (2013). Leadership style and employee turnover intentions: a social identity perspective.Career Development International,18(3), 305-324. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Renko, M., El Tarabishy, A., Carsrud, A. L., Brnnback, M. (2015). Understanding and measuring entrepreneurial leadership style.Journal of Small Business Management,53(1), 54-74. Snaebjornsson, I. M., Edvardsson, I. R. (2013). Gender, nationality and leadership style: A literature review.International Journal of Business and Management,8(1), 89. Wilson, E. R., Thompson, L. (2014). An Examination of How Leadership Style Influences Team Performance through Conflict. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 11101). Academy of Management.

Identifying Hallmark of Cancer Biology with detailed †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Identifying Hallmark of Cancer Biology with detailed. Answer: Metastatic cancer is a type of cancer in which cancer cells transfer to different organs in contrast to the site where it was first formed. The other part of the body in which it forms the new tumor is called as metastatic tumors. Metastatic of cancer takes place in a complex system of heterogeneous cell population. One of the hallmarks of metastatic cancer is the invasion of cell from local areas to distance tissues. There are many other mechanism underlying development of metastatic cancer such as sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, overcoming immune destruction, tumor promoting inflammation, invasion, angiogenesis, mutation, resisting cell death and deregulation energetic (1). This essay gives more insight into each hallmark of cancer and its contribution to cancer development. Furthermore, the essay also discusses in more detail about the hallmarks of sustaining proliferative signaling and resisting cell death and the role of specific chemotherapy drug s targeting these hallmarks. Hallmarks of cancer development: The 10 hallmarks underlying metastatic cancer development and their role in metastatic dissemination are as follows: Sustaining proliferative signaling: The most fundamental mechanism for cancer cell development is their ability to proliferate constantly. Compared to normal cells, cancer cells deregulate the growth promoting signals resulting in unlimited growth as they are no more dependent on proliferation signals. Tumor cells acquire the property to sustain proliferative signaling by producing their own growth factors causing autocrine stimulation. The production of paracrine signal also enhances growth of normal cells. In addition, their reliance on growth factors are reduced by the constitutive activation of downstream signaling pathways (2). The downstream signaling pathway is activated by somatic mutations in the catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) (3). This indicates the mechanism by which cancerous cell grow and develop. Evading growth suppressors- Evading growth suppressors is that hallmarks of cancer cells that complements the process of sustaining proliferative signaling. The ability to evade growth suppression is a necessary process to sustain growth signal as this mechanism acts to prevent all those pathways that negatively influence cell proliferation. TP53 and RB are some tumor suppressive protein coding gene involves in inhibiting cell growth and mutation or deletion of these genes results in the developments of cancerous tumors in patient (3). Another mechanism by which cancer cells inhibits the function of tumor suppressor genes includes interaction of the ncRNA fragments with tumor suppressor proteins. This results in release of high levels of PSF-binding RNAs from tumor cell line (4). Hence, role of ncRNAs in evading growth suppressors gives clear insight into mechanism behind cancer development. Avoiding immune destruction: Immune evasion or avoiding immune destruction is also one of the hallmarks of cancer development. This process also acts as a major barrier in designing anti-cancer therapeutic strategies. The evasion of immune attack occurs by creating an immune suppressive environment by means of tumor variants resistant to immune effectors. Cytotoxic T cells and CD4+ and T helper cells produce interferon and cytotoxin to inhibit the development of cancer cells, however the process of chronic inflammation counteracts immune response and promotes cancer development. The tumor cells also exploit regulatory T cells (Tregs), defective antigen presentation and immune suppressive mediators and apaptosis mechanism to evade immune response. In the case of cancer metastasis also, the mechanism of detaching from primary tumor and travelling through the surroundings tissues occurs by avoiding immune destruction (5). Enabling replicative immortality: Enabling replicative immortality is the third trait of cancer which indicates the potential of cancer cells towards unlimited replication. Normal cells cannot pass through large number of cell division cycles; however tumor cells possess the potential to unlimited replication. Tumor cells possess unlimited replication potential by way of circumventing the loss of telomeres that determines the number of cell division cycles. Tumor cells are able to control the loss of telomeres by the expression of telomerase enzyme and the activation of telomere tandem lengthening pathway. Long ncRNAs also plays a role in replicative immortality as it acts as the regulator of genome stability and replication (3). Tumor promoting inflammation: In the process of cancer development, it has been found that the negative effect of the immune system results in cancer development. The presence of white blood cells in tumor cells gives indication of the relation between inflammation and cancer development. The complex interplay between immunity and inflammation causes the development of cancer cells. Tumor promoting inflammation (TAM) and anti-tumor immunity regulates the pathway for formation of tumor. Tumor associated macrophases also provides the environment for tumor growth, invasion and metastasis (6). From this evidence, it can be said that TAM cells plays a major role in tumor promoting inflammation and cancer development. This knowledge can be effectively utilized to design cancer treatment options. Activating invasion and metastasis: Another mechanism that is regarded as a hallmark of cancer includes their ability to invade and form distant metastases. The step towards invasion and metastatis initiates when morphological changes occur in cancer cells. The invasion-metastasis reaction occurs when cancer cells are able to escape immune surveillance and move from primary regions to target tissues to form micromestastases. The expression of E-cadherin, a cell-to-cell adhesion molecule is also one of the important factor of the invasion-metastasis cascade. In contrast to down regulation of E-cadherin in human carcinomas, N-Cadherin is upregulated in invasive tumors (7). Inducing angiogenesis: Inducing angiogenesis is also a trait found in cancer cells. The main advantage of this trait is that the process of angiogenesis prevents the natural diffusion limit of oxygen and nutrients. The process of angiogenesis is necessary for wound healing and tumor progression turns on the angiogenic switch thus helping to sustain tumor growth. The mechanism behind angiogenesis includes binding of the angiogenic regulators to receptors on the endothelial cells (8). Certain evidence has also given indication about the role of ncRNAs in facilitating the angiogenic process (3). Genome instability and mutation: Genome instability is also one of the properties of cancer cell. Genome instability is the increased likelihood of genomic alterations during cell division. Genome stability is necessary for cellular integrity, however the opposite process of genome instability leads to the progression and development of tumor. The presence of genetic unstability factor in cancer cells results in a shorter cell cycle and evasion of immunological control mechanism. This provides cancer cells the advantage of proliferation and transforming into a malignant cell. The process of genetic instability is associated with structural changes like variations in base pair mutation and function of microsatellite. There various contrasting evidence regarding the mechanism underlying genetic instability. One hypothesis is that occurs by the loss of gene function (9). More research in this area may help to identify chemotherapeutic drugs that target this hallmark. Resisting cell death: Another established hallmark of cancer development is the ability of cancer cells to resist cell death. Three mechanisms contribute to cell death. Firstly, the mechanism of apoptosis leads to controlled cell death. This occurs because the cancer cells lose the ability to show mutation and activates the expression of anti-apoptotic regulators like Bcl-2. TP53 induces apoptosis. Autophagy is the second mechanism attributing to cell death. The property of cells to break down their organelles provides many beneficial effects to cancer cells (10). Necrosis is the third mechanism contributing to cell death. Necrosis is a phenomenon in which necrotic cells releases their content into the local tissue microenvironment. By this process, it releases many pro-inflammatory signals into the surrounding tissue. The necrotic cells act as the source that facilitates the process of angiogenesis, proliferation and invasion in cancer cells. PCGEM1 is regarded as the ncRNA that pla ys a role in anti-apoptotic functions (3) (Refer-Figure 1). Deregulating cellular energetic: Deregulating cellular energetics is also one of the attributes of cancer cells. Normal cells produce energy the process of glycolysis, whereas the malignant cells increase their source of energy by the upregulation of glycolysis. This phenomenon of increases utilization of glucose is known as the Warburg effect. Hence. The continuous activation of gylcolysis in cancer cells leads to activation of oncogenes and progression of cancer. The tumor suppressor genes and the mutated oncogenes plays a major role in deregulating cellular energetic. Normal cells have several signaling networks that activates metabolic pathways for cell reproduction. However, many byproducts produced during aerobic metabolism such as reactive oxygen species result in DNA mutation and cell damage. This change in cell metabolism is the factor resulting in tumorigenesis. The mutations in the tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes change many signally pathways thus triggering the proce ss of tumor development (11). Hence, from the above evidence, it can be said that the Warburg effect is the mechanism that results in metabolism of tumor. Cancer cells finds glycolysis as a source of energy. Hence, it can be said that there is direct relations between tumor malignancy and glycolytic ATP production. By understanding this phenomenon behind cancer cell development and the dependence of cancer cells on glucose utilization, many therapeutic interventions can be designed. Sustaining Proliferative Signalling One of the major hallmarks of cancer is sustaining proliferative signalling (13). One of the major characteristic of cancer cells is their ability to proliferate at a constant rate even in the absence stimuli coming from the external growth factors (13). Normal cells strictly manipulate the production of the growth initiating and inhibiting factors in order to ensure a tight control of the tissues and cell number, integrity of the tissue and architecture. However, tumour cell physiology is completely different from the normal cell lines. They showcase deregulated signalling cascades that promote them to be more or less free from the effect of the signals of proliferation which results in the unlimited cycles of proliferation. In order to attain this immortal capability, the tumours cells attain the capability of sustain proliferative signalling. This power of sustaining proliferative signalling is acquired by the tumour cells in different ways for example they generate their own grow th factors and their complementary receptor molecules thereby resulting in the process of autocrine stimulation (14). Other pathways which are undertaken by the tumour cells in order to attain sustaining proliferative signalling include paracrine signalling which help in the production of numerous growth factors that support the development of cancer cells. The growth factor receptors are also constantly expressed in the tumour cells and this help in sustained proliferation via continuous binding of the growth factors with its receptors on the tumour. In extreme cases, the cancer cells become totally independent from the effect of the exogenous growth factors because of constitutive activation of the downstream signalling pathways or other disruption of negative-feedback mechanism (14). In order target the cancerous cell in the ground of sustained proliferative signalling, PI3K/Akt pathway is being targeted by the chemotherapeutic drugs. This is because, PI3L/Akt signalling pathways plays an important role not only towards the growth of tumour but also act as a potential response of tumours towards anti-cancer treatment (15). Acquired resistance towards treatment with chemotherapy, radiation and targeted therapy. Cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic drug, induces the activation of Akt pathway and thereby promoting cell death. Active Akt has been found to be present in numerous cisplatin-selected chemo-resistant lung, ovarian and glioma cancer lies in comparison with the sensitive parental counterparts. Combined treatment done under the application of Ly294002, a PI3k inhibitor not only helps in the attenuation of cisplatin induced Akt activity, but also increases cisplatin induced cytotoxicity and this indicates that the process of Akt activation is caused under the effect of upregulation of PI3K and this makes cancer cell lines more resistant towards cisplatin. Numerous mechanisms have been have been proposed in order to mediate the cisplatin-induced PI3K/Akt activation (15) (Refer: Figure 2). The cisplatin-resistant NSCLC a549 cells on stepwise exposure of increased concentration of cisplatin has been found to increase Akt1 activity via increasing the protein level and increased gene expression in comparison to that of the parental cells. On the other hand, the levels of pAkt signals in the lung cancer tumour are inversely proportional towards the cisplatin sensitivity towards the primary cultured cancer cell lines of the lung from identical tumour tissues. The Cisplatin-induced Akt activation is dependent on the EGFR activity which lies upstream of PI3K. Cisplatin-induced phosphorylation of EGFR is associated with EGFR internalization along with ATM and ATR-dependent activation of p38 and this occurs as a result of cisplatin-induced DNA damage. This activated p38 causes the internalization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Internalized EGFR causes downstream phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues and thereby active further downstream tumour suppressor protein p85. This p85 is another important component of PI3K and thus help in the prevention of sustained signalling and thereby promoting cell death (16). Another chemotherapeutic drug that is found to prevent sustained signalling in cancerous cell line is Etoposide. Etoposide is a podophyllotoxin which is kown to casr peliotropic actions within the cells including inhibition of the action of topoisomerase II, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent induction of DNA damage. This DNa damage actives PIK3-Akt kinase signalling pathway which in turn found to cast an effective impact towards the treatment of gastric cancer (17)(18). Resisting Cell Death The aim of immortality for the cancer cells can be easily achieved if the cancerous cell acquires the hallmark of resting cell death. There are three important pathways that promotes cell death and careful regulation of three of these pathways help in the achievement of the immortality of the cancerous cell. The first mechanisms that promote towards controlled cell death include apoptosis. The process of apoptosis is initiated via numerous external and internal stimuli and numerous studies have highlighted that cancerous cell which are malignant in nature can attenuate the process of apoptosis and thereby becoming resistant towards cell death. In normal cell, the induction of DNA damage is one of the main markers towards the initiation of apoptosis. DNA damage, promotes the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Noxa and Puma (upregulated modulator p53, apoptotic gene) causing cell death. However, more than 50% of all human cancers have lost the signalling pathways mediated by p53 gene or p53 gene remain mutated and this lead to termination of the process of apoptosis even during the cell damage. Alternatively the tumours represents show an increased level of expression of numerous survival factors or other anti-apoptotic regulators like Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. This can be regarded as one of the second important mechanism that repress controlled cell death or autophage. The cellular mechanism of autophagy operates at low levels within the cell line. However, it can be alternatively activated via numerous kind of cellular stress factors like nutrient deficiency. Autophagy is considered as a cell-recycling program that enables the cell to break down into their organelles and then to employ the degradation of the products towards the process of fuel biosynthesis pathways or for re-usual for subsequent energy production within the body. However, autophagy can act both as strength and weakness of cancerous cell. This weakness comes in the form of blocking the pathway fo r carcinogenesis. The last mode of cell death that is negatively impaired in cancer cell line is necrosis. Necrosis is defined as a process of un-controlled cell-death that occurs mostly with the damaged or injured cell lines. Similar to that of autophagy, necrosis can also serve to be beneficial as well as harmful for the cancerous cell lines. In the beneficial grounds, the negative regulation of necrosis in cancer cell lead to the uncontrolled cell proliferation and the other hand, necrotic cell lines have also found to attract the proinflammatory cell mediators causing death of the cancer cells (14). In order to induce apoptosis in cancerous cell, the chemotherapeutic drugs like the cisplatimum or etoposide triggers apoptosis via the activation of TP53 pathways (2). Alterative research has showed that over-expression of the anti-apoptotic protein from the Bcl-2 family like Bcl-2, Bcl-xl is found to contribute chemotherapeutic resistance in cancers cell. One of the strategy that is used to destroy this anti-apoptotic protein include application of interfering oligonucleotide that downregulate the expression of the Bcl2 family of proteins. Controlled expression of Bax protein or application of BH-3 peptide has been found to abrogate protection againt the antiapoptotic protein in cancerous cell. One agent that is present gaining importance in the clinical trials is oblimersen. It is a nuclease-resistant antisense oligonucleaotide that targets Bcl2 mRNA. However, Oblimersen is still in Phase II and II clinical trials and is used to treat a wide range of adult and childhood tumours (1 9) (20). Oblimersen is still not approved for the treatment of melanoma this is because the results published from the phase III trials failed to show any extended survivals of the patients. On the other hand, oblimersen has been shown to produce favourable outcome when it is combined and injected along with docetaxel in the patients who are suffering from hormone-refractory prostate cancer (19)(20). Another drug that is used to induce aopotosis is 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). It is mainly used for the treatment of colorectal and breast cancer. 5-FU mainly targets p53 mediated cell apoptosis. However, one of the major disadvantage of 5-FU is, it becomes non-functional among the p53 independent cells (21). 5-FU is an uracil analogue. It has fluorine atom located at the C5 position of the pyrimidine ring. Once 5-FU is transmitted inside the cell, it gets converted into active metabolites like, fluorodeoxyuridine triphosphate (FdUTP), fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) and fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP). These metabolites promotes global RNA metabolism via incorporating FUMP ribonucleotide into RNA as well as DNA. This incorporation either ocuurs directly or occurs via thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibition leading to a wide range of abnormal biological effects which trigger controlled cell death or apoptosis (21). Thus from the above discussion, it can be concluded that the concept of hallmarks of cancer is a powerful guide in the domain of translational research which is aimed at improving and developing early detection process of cancer, effective screening and thereby improving the quality of life of the cancer patients. However, the use of the chemotherapeutic agents can impose several threats to the normal cell line due to non-specific target. Recent researchers are targeting ncRNA (Non-coding RNA) as an effective means of treating cancer. ncRNA has several advantage over the chemotherapeutic drugs and this are regarded as novel diagnostic and prognostic markers. Reference: Zhang W, Kai K, Ueno NT, Qin L. A brief review of the biophysical hallmarks of metastatic cancer cells. Cancer hallmarks. 2013 Aug 1;1(2-3):59-66. Gutschner, T. and Diederichs, S., 2012. The hallmarks of cancer: a long non-coding RNA point of view.RNA biology,9(6), pp.703-719. Benvenuti S, Sartore-Bianchi A, Di Nicolantonio F, Zanon C, Moroni M, Veronese S, Siena S, Bardelli A. Oncogenic activation of the RAS/RAF signaling pathway impairs the response of metastatic colorectal cancers to antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody therapies. Cancer research. 2007 Mar 15;67(6):2643-8. Gutschner T, Diederichs S. The hallmarks of cancer: a long non-coding RNA point of view. RNA biology. 2012 Jun 1;9(6):703-19. Vinay DS, Ryan EP, Pawelec G, Talib WH, Stagg J, Elkord E, Lichtor T, Decker WK, Whelan RL, Kumara HS, Signori E. Immune evasion in cancer: Mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies. InSeminars in cancer biology 2015 Dec 1 (Vol. 35, pp. S185-S198). Academic Press. Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell. 2010 Mar 19;140(6):883-99. Ma L, Young J, Prabhala H, Pan E, Mestdagh P, Muth D, Teruya-Feldstein J, Reinhardt F, Onder TT, Valastyan S, Westermann F. miR-9, a MYC/MYCN-activated microRNA, regulates E-cadherin and cancer metastasis. Nature cell biology. 2010 Mar;12(3):247. Wang Z, Dabrosin C, Yin X, Fuster MM, Arreola A, Rathmell WK, Generali D, Nagaraju GP, El-Rayes B, Ribatti D, Chen YC. Broad targeting of angiogenesis for cancer prevention and therapy. InSeminars in cancer biology 2015 Dec 1 (Vol. 35, pp. S224-S243). Academic Press. Abbas T, Keaton MA, Dutta A. Genomic instability in cancer. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology. 2013 Mar 1;5(3):a012914. Pickup MW, Mouw JK, Weaver VM. The extracellular matrix modulates the hallmarks of cancer. EMBO reports. 2014 Nov 7:e201439246. Jang M, Kim SS, Lee J. Cancer cell metabolism: implications for therapeutic targets. Experimental molecular medicine. 2013 Oct;45(10):e45. Weaver AN, Yang ES. Beyond DNA repair: additional functions of PARP-1 in cancer. Frontiers in oncology. 2013 Nov 27;3:290. Galon J, Mlecnik B, Bindea G, Angell HK, Berger A, Lagorce C, Lugli A, Zlobec I, Hartmann A, Bifulco C, Nagtegaal ID. Towards the introduction of the Immunoscorein the classification of malignant tumours. The Journal of pathology. 2014 Jan 1;232(2):199-209. Gutschner T, Diederichs S. The hallmarks of cancer: a long non-coding RNA point of view. RNA biology. 2012 Jun 1;9(6):703-19. Huang WC, Hung MC. Induction of Akt activity by chemotherapy confers acquired resistance. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2009 Mar 1;108(3):180-94. Winograd-Katz SE, Levitzki A. Cisplatin induces PKB/Akt activation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation of the EGF receptor. Oncogene. 2006 Nov;25(56):7381. Yu HG, Ai YW, Yu LL, Zhou XD, Liu J, Li JH, Xu XM, Liu S, Chen J, Liu F, Qi YL. Phosphoinositide 3?kinase/Akt pathway plays an important role in chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells against etoposide and doxorubicin induced cell death. International journal of cancer. 2008 Jan 15;122(2):433-43. Liu SQ, Yu JP, Yu HG, Lv P, Chen HL. Activation of Akt and ERK signalling pathways induced by etoposide confer chemoresistance in gastric cancer cells. Digestive and liver disease. 2006 May 1;38(5):310-8. Tolcher AW, Chi K, Kuhn J, Gleave M, Patnaik A, Takimoto C, Schwartz G, Thompson I, Berg K, D'Aloisio S, Murray N. A phase II, pharmacokinetic, and biological correlative study of oblimersen sodium and docetaxel in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clinical cancer research. 2005 May 15;11(10):3854-61. Tolcher AW, Kuhn J, Schwartz G, Patnaik A, Hammond LA, Thompson I, Fingert H, Bushnell D, Malik S, Kreisberg J, Izbicka E. A Phase I pharmacokinetic and biological correlative study of oblimersen sodium (genasense, g3139), an antisense oligonucleotide to the bcl-2 mRNA, and of docetaxel in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clinical cancer research. 2004 Aug 1;10(15):5048-57. Hassan M, Watari H, AbuAlmaaty A, Ohba Y, Sakuragi N. Apoptosis and molecular targeting therapy in cancer. BioMed research international. 2014;2014.

Eddie Carbone Essays

Eddie Carbone Essays Eddie Carbone Essay Eddie Carbone Essay My second dramatic moment being when Marco first shout Eddie Carbone it almost reaches the climax since that is when everyone knows that somethings going to happen and someone wont come out of it alive. The audience would feel an adrenaline rush they know that this is the final confrontation this what at the dramatic tension has been preparing them for and Marco calling for Eddie confirms this for us. The other characters start to liven up in haste to stop Eddie from going out, their hearts pumping harder and as if they need to do something anything to stop what might happen if Eddie goes out to see Marco. This is dramatic because it puts all the characters on alert and assurance that the inevitable is happening. Both Beatrice and Eddie are crying, Beatrice crying out and weeping and Eddie crying out in agony, then Eddie hears Marco and knows exactly where to go from there. Beatrice tries to stop Eddie while Redolfo tries to stop Marco, Catherine watches on in shock. Everythings happening so quickly the tension becomes unbearable even to feel or notice. Miller makes this moment tense with raised voices, hurrying voices and a negative atmosphere filling the air. Characters interrupting each other trying to stop each opposing party increases the level of noise and stress. Miller brings out the seriousness in Marco indicating it through his speech and exclamation marks demanding Eddie to come out and face him. All this nears us to whats to come and stiffens the mood making the atmosphere gripping. My last dramatic moment out of so many in the play is when Eddie springs out a knife on Marco. This indicates how a death will come about but raises question of who will be the one to suffer its blade? This brings us back to when Marco raised the chair above Eddie showing the power he entitles over Eddie and this would be Eddies answer to that. But its almost hypocritical in a sense that he needs an actual weapon to fight Marco because he isnt as physically strong, it tells us that Eddie has gone against everything he said at the beginning of the play about trust, honour, loyalty especially takes us to remember the story he told us about Vinny Bolzano and how he snitched and how he was treated. Eddie made it clear that Vinny was wrong to go against his family but now Eddie insists what hes done is right and justified. Miller here makes this scene dramatic because he makes us understand that Eddie ways are wrong but his intention is not so, but it fills everyone with resent and sadness because its unfortunate that this is the circumstances that it had to come to and no one could have stopped this for coming. There is no doubt that Miller used multiple dramatic devices to prepare us for these dramatic moments and also to guide us through each tension filled scene. Eddies death is what everyone expected but it was about how he would die with honour or no humility? At the end the audience must have been deeply pulled in and involved an understanding as things calmed into grief and remorse. Eddies death came as appropriate to suit everything that would happen after it, he had to go or the other characters would have no purpose left hereafter. But it showed that Eddies death was useless and these dramatic moment came to show us this at the end. These dramatic tensions throughout the last scenes came to show us something we would already know would happen but its how it all built up that got everyone ready and dreading everything that would happen. Miller used many dramatic devices to help arrange the tension such as raised voices, snappy/fast exchange, interruption, disagreement, actions, body language/facial expression, avoiding conflict/eye contact, pressure mounting up with many others. My response to this play is that the tension gradually built up and stayed and played around until the direct conflicts began between Eddie, Marco and Redolfo with Beatrice and Catherine trying to stop it all. Its tragic at the end but Eddies death was necessary or there wouldnt be a meaning to this play all this tension was rounded of with Eddies death but there was a sweet twist. As Alfieri explained to us that Eddies death was useless and has no meaning he told us that he wasnt bad at heart just his ways were wrong. Eddie couldnt help the way he felt about Catherine its the way he dealt with it that led him to so much trouble but at the end everyone was free even Beatrice even though she loved him, she wouldnt have to live a fake marriage anymore. Its Catherine who would have to live knowing Eddie loved her and he done all this for her. Miller deposits guilty conscious into everyone when Eddie dies, this play had all this conflict and bad energy bouncing around then at the end it rounded off with al the tension and irony lifting off because what was meant to happen, happened.

Which career field would be the all time best for me

Which career field would be the all time best for me Picking a career can be a tough decision. There are endless possibilities so how do you choose the perfect match? Well, it all starts with what you enjoy doing as well as what you’re good at.  If you still can’t seem to decide this quiz can help you. Finding the perfect career can help jumpstart the beginning to the rest.  Source [ Playbuzz ]

Service change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service change - Essay Example The effectiveness of the medication, the dosage of the medication, and whether or not the patient receives the medication at all affect the way a medication is perceived by the patient. The errors that have been identified have been those related to the inaccuracy of the dosage level and ensuring the appropriate people receive the correct medications. The effects of these errors have been the discontinuation of several medications, such as in the case of medication that treats Atrial Filibration. The patients that were receiving prescribed doses of amiodrone, flecainide, andsotalol took their care in to their own hands when they started receiving â€Å"adverse effects† from these medications. With dosage modification the medication could have been beneficial. The adherence to proper distribution Dosage level influence real and perceived pharmaceutical benefits. If medication is misdiagnosed it affects how well the medication treats the imbalance, and may have an impact on how a patient feels physically from day to day. A Study that was recently completed in Australia described how older Australian were receiving antidepressant medications that treats conditions that were different from the conditions that the patients were actually experiencing. This is a prime example of what causes the discontinuation of potentially useful medication that has been given a false perception due to being in the hands of patients it was never meant to treat. One of the most effective marketing tools is word of mouth. This is a tool that can either generate a frenzy of referrals or a significant negative impression depending on the results of the medication. The cause of the distribution errors generated by the nurses have been due to distractions. The distractions are from the hospital staff in general and the doctors in particular. The doctors are distracting the nurses with questions pertaining to the state of being of the patients

Cigna Corporation Internal and External Factors Evaluation Matrix Assignment

Cigna Corporation Internal and External Factors Evaluation Matrix - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Cigna Corporation (Cigna) has services organized under five main divisions, health care, disability, and life, international (CIGNA International) and Runoff Reinsurance. Having wide operations in the United States and beyond means, the company is a greater challenge to handle external factors than a local business. Similarly, the wider operations mean the company has a wide management structure and numerous employees. This also means the company has numerous internal factors that affect its operations in one way or the other. Similarly, the wider operations mean the company has a wide management structure and numerous employees. This also means the company has numerous internal factors that affect its operations in one way or the other. As is the case with every other business, Cigna Corporation (which will be referred as Cigna in this text) has a great interest in factors happening beyond it. These factors largely determine their chanc es of survival and most importantly inform the organization’s strategy. This is because external factors cannot be avoided or controlled. An organization can only adapt operations to maximize opportunities and adjust to any threats. In the case of Cigna, the following six factors have the greatest impact on their operations. The factors are considered from the wider grouping of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. The most prominent political factor affecting Cigna at the moment is government regulations and policies. Since the election of President Obama, there has been continuous debate and eventual passage of the â€Å"Obama Care†. This is a health scheme which has sought to guarantee healthcare to all Americans. This is of great interest to health insurers who have been required to reconsider certain policy regulations. The most notable is a directive to have them ensure patients who have preexistent health conditions. From a business perspective, this government policy is likely to affect the profitability of Cigna as they will be required to make payments for conditions they would have avoided. Cigna is affected by almost every economic factor.